Compact annular field imager and method for imaging electromagnetic radiation

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides an optical imager and a method for imaging electromagnetic radiation. In one aspect, the optical imager includes an object array substantially located at an object plane, a first catadioptric element configured to substantially collimate, at a central plane, electromagnetic radiation emanating from the object array, a second catadioptric element configured to image the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation from the central plane onto an image plane, and a detecting element substantially located at the image plane. The first catadioptric element includes at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface, and the second catadioptric element includes at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/212,917, filed on Mar. 14, 2014, entitled COMPACT ANNULAR FIELD IMAGER AND METHOD FOR IMAGING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/783,507, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with U.S. Government support from the U.S. Army under contract W31P4Q-09-D-0004. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to an imaging relay lens system and a method for imaging electromagnetic radiation. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an imaging relay lens system having a compact configuration and a method for imaging electromagnetic radiation.

The term “object array” can refer to any number of devices, such as but not limited to a fiber array, VCSEL array, detector array, or other object plane, and is hereinafter referred to generally as the object array. The term “image array” can refer to any number of sources, such as but not limited to a fiber array, VCSEL array, detector array, or other image plane, and is hereinafter referred to generally as the image array.

Reference is made to FIG. 1A, which illustrates an imaging relay lens 100 made up of a pair of gradient index (GRIN) lenses 10 and 20 used to image or reimage (hereinafter referred to generally as “image”) an object array 30 to an image array 40. Reference is also made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an imaging relay lens 200 comprising a pair of aspheric lenses 210 and 220 used to image an object array 30 to an image array 40. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,635,861, 7,015,454, and 7,446,298, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

The distance between object array 30 and image array 40 in these designs can be significantly long compared to the size of the array. While such distances may be acceptable for fiber coupling connectors and other similar devices, they are typically too long for other applications, such as but not limited to the board-to-board optical communication applications, which have much shorter separations. A view of an object array 30 and image array 40 for these configurations, taken along a plane perpendicular to optical axis 50, are shown next to their respective arrays in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B.

Accordingly, there is a need to develop a new imaging relay lens system with a compact configuration.

SUMMARY

Characteristics of the present disclosure are to provide an imaging lens design that is compact in physical size.

Further characteristics of the present disclosure are to provide an imaging lens design that has a high image quality.

Further characteristics of the present disclosure are to provide an imaging lens design that has a high degree of alignment tolerance.

Further characteristics of the present disclosure are to provide an imaging lens design that has a combination of the characteristics described above with superior trade-offs than have been previously attainable.

In accordance with an aspect, the present disclosure provides an optical imager comprising an object array substantially located at an object plane, a first catadioptric element configured to substantially collimate, at a central plane, electromagnetic radiation emanating from the object array, wherein the first catadioptric element comprises at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface, a second catadioptric element configured to image the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation from the central plane onto an image plane, wherein the second catadioptric element comprises at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface, and a detecting element substantially located at the image plane.

In one embodiment, the first catadioptric element comprises a concave surface and a convex surface opposing the concave surface. In one embodiment, the concave surface comprises a first refractive surface and a second reflective surface, and the first refractive surface of the concave surface has a ring shape surrounding the second reflective surface of the concave surface. In one embodiment, the convex surface comprises a first reflective surface and a second refractive surface, and the first reflective surface of the convex surface has a ring shape surrounding the second refractive surface of the convex surface.

In one embodiment, the object array comprises a plurality of light emanating elements arranged in an annular region of the object array, the light emanating elements emanating the electromagnetic radiation. The at least one refractive surface of the first catadioptric element is aligned with the light emanating elements to receive the electromagnetic radiation. In one embodiment, the light emanating elements are arranged to constitute one or more concentric rings, and the light emanating elements in one of the concentric rings are located to have a substantially equal distance from an optical axis of the optical imager. In one embodiment, the first catadioptric element is oriented substantially symmetric to the second catadioptric element about a central plane.

In accordance with an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for imaging electromagnetic radiation. The method comprises substantially collimating, through a first catadioptric element, electromagnetic radiation emanating from at least one source element located substantially at an object plane, the first catadioptric element comprising at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface; imaging, through a second catadioptric element, the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation onto at least one detecting element located substantially at an image plane, the second catadioptric element comprising at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface; and detecting the electromagnetic radiation

For a better understanding of the present disclosure, together with other and further characteristics thereof, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate schematic views of conventional imaging relay lenses, taken along their respective optical axes;

FIG. 2 illustrates a scaled schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens with high image quality, taken along its optical axis, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic comparison of the imaging relay lenses shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and the compact imaging relay lens shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic view of the compact imaging relay lens of FIG. 2, including an exemplary optical ray trace;

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view of an object array of the compact imaging relay lens shown in FIG. 2, taken along a plane perpendicular to an optical axis, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates lateral and isometric views of a half relay lens component of the compact imaging relay lens as shown FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates a scaled schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens with high image quality, taken along its optical axis, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 illustrates a scaled schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens with high image quality, taken along its optical axis, in accordance with still another embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 illustrates a scaled schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens with high image quality, taken along its optical axis, in accordance with still another embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 10 illustrates a scaled schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens with high image quality, taken along its optical axis, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens 300, taken along its optical axis 350, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, compact imaging relay lens 300 includes a pair of half relay lenses 310 and 320, each comprising a catadioptric element, to image an object array 330 to an image array 340. In some embodiments, image array 340 can be a CCD array, phosphorescent screen, photographic film, microbolometer array, or other means of detecting light energy.

Many optical imaging aberrations have spatial field dependencies, such that the image quality for elements of object array 330 are often imaged with varying aberrations, making it difficult to image object array 330 with large numbers of elements. FIG. 2 also illustrates a view of annular field object array 330 and image array 340, taken along a plane perpendicular to optical axis 350, next to their respective relay lenses 310 and 320. Although two relay lenses 310 and 320 are shown and described in the present disclosure, it is appreciated that compact imaging relay lens 300 may be configured to include a single relay lens.

By restricting object array 330 substantially to an annular field 332, where a plurality of elements 334 of object array 330 are substantially located to have a substantially equal distance from optical axis 350, elements 334 of object array 330 can be imaged by the pair of half relay lenses 310 and 320 with substantially the same aberration content. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary arrangement of elements 334, which includes two concentric rings of circular elements 334. Therefore, half relay lens 310 can be better corrected over annular field 332 than the conventional approaches where the aberration correction is typically required over the entire spatial field from optical axis 350 to the element with the furthest distance from optical axis 350. This reduced aberration content can also provide increased image quality over conventional imaging relay lens designs. In some embodiments, elements 334 of object array 330 may be apertures of an opaque substrate, thereby allowing electromagnetic radiation or light to pass therethrough, or point light sources, such as light emitting diodes (LED), quantum dots, and the like.

Because object array 330 is restricted to substantially to an annular field 332, in this embodiment, image array 340 is also substantially restricted to an annular field 342, where a plurality of detecting elements 344 of image array 340 are substantially located to have a substantially equal distance from optical axis 350. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary arrangement of detecting elements 344, which includes two concentric rings of photodetectors 344.

FIG. 3 illustrates a scaled schematic comparison of the imaging relay lenses 100 and 200 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and the compact imaging relay lens 300 shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 3, the size of compact relay lens 300 is much smaller than that of imaging relay lenses 100 and 200. Particularly, the linear distance between object array 330 and image array 340 of imaging relay lens 300 is much shorter than the linear distance between object array 30 and image array 40 of imaging relay lenses 100 and 200.

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic view of compact imaging relay lens 300 of FIG. 2, including an optical ray trace for a single object element 334 within annular field 332. In this embodiment, light originating from an element 334 of object array 330 is incident upon first half relay lens 310 comprising a catadioptric element.

Referring to FIG. 4, the light is refracted by a first optical surface 312, which is capable of substantially receiving the light. The light is then substantially transmitted to a first reflective surface 314, which is capable of substantially receiving the light refracted by first optical surface 312. The light is then reflected by first reflective surface 314 and transmitted to a second reflective surface 316, which is capable of substantially receiving the light reflected by first reflective surface 314. The light is then reflected by second reflective surface 316 and transmitted to a second optical surface 318, which is capable of substantially receiving the light reflected by second reflective surface 316. The light is then refracted by second optical surface 318 and transmitted towards a second half relay lens 320, which is oriented in a manner substantially symmetric to first half relay lens 310 about a central plane 380 separating the two lenses 310 and 320.

Referring still to FIG. 4, the light is further incident upon second half relay lens 320 comprising a catadioptric element. The light is refracted by a first optical surface 322, which is capable of substantially receiving the light, and substantially transmitted to a first reflective surface 324, which is capable of substantially receiving the light refracted by first optical surface 322. The light is then reflected by first reflective surface 324 and transmitted to a second reflective surface 326, which is capable of substantially receiving the light reflected by first reflective surface 324. The light is then reflected by second reflective surface 326 and transmitted to a second optical surface 328, which is capable of substantially receiving the light reflected by second reflective surface 326, where the light is refracted and imaged to image array 340. It is appreciated that, in practice, the half relay lenses 310 and 320 can include any combination of refractive, reflective, or catadioptric elements.

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view of an object array 330 of compact imaging relay lens 300 shown in FIG. 2, taken along a plane perpendicular to optical axis 350, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, annular field 332 of elements 334 in object array 330 includes two concentric rings of circular elements 334. It is appreciated that, in practice, these arrays can include any number of rings or annular configuration of elements with various shapes and sizes.

FIG. 6 illustrates lateral and isometric views of half relay lens component 310 of compact imaging relay lens 300 as shown FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, half relay lens component 310 includes reflective and refractive surfaces 312, 314, 316, and 318. In this embodiment, a concave surface S1 includes first refractive surface 312 and second reflective surface 316, while a convex surface S2 includes first reflective surface 314 and second refractive surface 318. In some embodiments, first and second reflective surfaces 314 and 316 may be formed by coating one or more layers of reflective material (e.g., metal layer or dielectric multilayers) on half relay lens component 310.

Referring to FIG. 7, there is illustrated a schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens 400, taken along its optical axis 450, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, compact imaging relay lens 400 includes a half relay lens 310 and a gradient index lens 20, to substantially image an object array 330 to an image array 440. FIG. 7 further illustrates an optical ray trace for object elements 334 within annular field 332. In this embodiment, light originating from an element 334 of object array 330 is incident upon a half relay lens 310 comprising a catadioptric element, which is capable of substantially receiving a portion of the light from the object array 330 and substantially collimating a portion of the light. The light is then incident upon a gradient index lens 20, which is capable of substantially receiving a portion of the light from the half relay lens 310 and focusing a portion of the light onto an image plane 440, in this embodiment comprising a plurality of detecting elements 444 within an annular field 442. It is appreciated that, in practice, the gradient index lens 20 can be replaced with any other type of imaging lens, including but not limited to, any combination of refractive, reflective, diffractive, or catadioptric elements.

Referring to FIG. 8, there is illustrated a schematic view of a compact imaging relay lens 500, taken along its optical axis 550, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, compact imaging relay lens 400 includes a gradient index lens 10 and a half relay lens 320, to substantially image an object array 530 to an image array 340. FIG. 8 further illustrates an optical ray trace for object elements 534 within annular field 532. In this embodiment, light originating from an element 534 of object array 530 is incident upon a gradient index lens 10, which is capable of substantially receiving a portion of the light from the object array 530 and substantially collimating a portion of the light. The light is then incident upon a half relay lens 320, comprising a catadioptric element, which is capable of substantially receiving a portion of the light from the gradient index lens 10 and focusing a portion of the light onto an image plane 440, in this embodiment comprising a plurality of detecting elements 444 within an annular field 442. It is appreciated that, in practice, the gradient index lens 10 can be replaced with any other type of imaging lens, including but not limited to, any combination of refractive, reflective, diffractive, or catadioptric elements.

In some applications, it is desirable to utilize these half relay imaging lenses individually as either annular collimating lenses or annular imaging lenses, such as illuminating or imaging perimeter regions of a spatial field. Referring to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a schematic view of a compact annular field collimating lens 600, taken along its optical axis 650, in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, compact collimating lens 600 includes a half relay lens 310 to substantially collimate light from an object array 330. FIG. 9 further illustrates an optical ray trace for object elements 334 within annular field 332. In this embodiment, light originating from an element 334 of object array 330 is incident upon a half relay lens 310 comprising a catadioptric element, which is capable of substantially receiving a portion of the light from the object array 330 and substantially collimating a portion of the light.

Referring to FIG. 10, there is illustrated a schematic view of a compact annular field imaging lens 700, taken along its optical axis 750, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, compact imaging lens 700 includes a half relay lens 320 to substantially image light from an annular object field (not shown) onto an image plane 340. FIG. 10 further illustrates an optical ray trace for light emitted by an annular object. In this embodiment, light originating from an object is incident upon a half relay lens 320, comprising a catadioptric element, which is capable of substantially receiving a portion of the light from the object field and focusing a portion of the light onto an image plane 440, in this embodiment comprising a plurality of detecting elements 444 within an annular field 442. Although this embodiment 700 is shown imaging a substantially infinitely distant annular object field, it is appreciated that, in practice, this annular field imager can also be used to image finite distant annular object fields by making adjustments such as, but not limited to, the location of the image plane or the optical power of the lens.

The compact annular field imager of the present invention has been hereto shown as operating in pairs as an optical relay lens, which inherently provides natural correction of odd-order aberration within the optical system. However, these annular field imagers can also be used independently as infinite conjugate annular field imagers to image an annular field of object points in a given scene onto an image array.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Except where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.”

For the purpose of better describing and defining the present invention, it is noted that terms of degree (e.g., “substantially,” “about,” and the like) may be used in the specification and/or in the claims. Such terms of degree are utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, and/or other representation. The terms of degree may also be utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary (e.g., ±10%) from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue.

Although embodiments of the present teachings have been described in detail, it is to be understood that such embodiments are described for exemplary and illustrative purposes only. Various changes and/or modifications may be made by those skilled in the relevant art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical imager, comprising: an object array substantially located at an object plane; a catadioptric element configured to substantially collimate electromagnetic radiation emanating from the object array, wherein the catadioptric element comprises at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface; an optical element configured to image the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation from a central plane onto an image plane; the central plane separating the catadioptric element and the optical element; and an image array substantially located at the image plane; wherein the catadioptric element comprises a concave surface and a convex surface opposing the concave surface; and wherein the concave surface comprises a first refractive surface and a second reflective surface.
 2. The optical imager of claim 1, wherein the first refractive surface of the concave surface has a ring shape surrounding the second reflective surface of the concave surface.
 3. The optical imager of claim 1, wherein the object array comprises a plurality of light emanating elements arranged in an annular region of the object array, said light emanating elements emanating the electromagnetic radiation.
 4. The optical imager of claim 3, wherein said at least one refractive surface of the catadioptric element is aligned with the light emanating elements to receive the electromagnetic radiation.
 5. The optical imager of claim 3, wherein the light emanating elements are arranged to constitute one or more concentric rings.
 6. The optical imager of claim 5, wherein the light emanating elements in one of said one or more concentric rings are located to have a substantially equal distance from an optical axis of the optical imager.
 7. An optical imager, comprising: an object array substantially located at an object plane; a catadioptric element configured to substantially collimate electromagnetic radiation emanating from the object array, wherein the catadioptric element comprises at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface; an optical element configured to image the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation from a central plane onto an image plane; the central plane separating the catadioptric element and the optical element; and an image array substantially located at the image plane; wherein the catadioptric element comprises a concave surface and a convex surface opposing the concave surface; and, wherein the convex surface comprises a first reflective surface and a second refractive surface.
 8. The optical imager of claim 7, wherein the first reflective surface of the convex surface has a ring shape surrounding the second refractive surface of the convex surface.
 9. The optical imager of claim 7, wherein the object array comprises a plurality of light emanating elements arranged in an annular region of the object array, said light emanating elements emanating the electromagnetic radiation.
 10. The optical imager of claim 9, wherein said at least one refractive surface of the catadioptric element is aligned with the light emanating elements to receive the electromagnetic radiation.
 11. The optical imager of claim 9, wherein the light emanating elements are arranged to constitute one or more concentric rings.
 12. The optical imager of claim 11, wherein the light emanating elements in one of said one or more concentric rings are located to have a substantially equal distance from an optical axis of the optical imager.
 13. An optical imager, comprising: an object array substantially located at an object plane; an optical element configured to substantially collimate electromagnetic radiation emanating from the object array; a catadioptric element configured to image the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation from a central plane onto an image plane, wherein the catadioptric element comprises at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface; the central plane separating the catadioptric element and the optical element; and an image array substantially located at the image plane; wherein the catadioptric element comprises a concave surface and a convex surface opposing the concave surface; wherein the concave surface comprises a first refractive surface and a second reflective surface.
 14. The optical imager of claim 13, wherein the first refractive surface of the concave surface has a ring shape surrounding the second reflective surface of the concave surface.
 15. The optical imager of claim 13, wherein the object array comprises a plurality of light emanating elements arranged in an annular region of the object array, said light emanating elements emanating the electromagnetic radiation.
 16. The optical imager of claim 15, wherein said at least one refractive surface of the catadioptric element is aligned with the light emanating elements to receive the electromagnetic radiation.
 17. The optical imager of claim 15, wherein the light emanating elements are arranged to constitute one or more concentric rings.
 18. The optical imager of claim 17, wherein the light emanating elements in one of said one or more concentric rings are located to have a substantially equal distance from an optical axis of the optical imager.
 19. An-optical imager, comprising: an object array substantially located at an object plane; an optical element configured to substantially collimate electromagnetic radiation emanating from the object array; a catadioptric element configured to image the substantially collimated electromagnetic radiation from a central plane onto an image plane, wherein the catadioptric element comprises at least one refractive surface and at least one reflective surface; the central plane separating the catadioptric element and the optical element; and an image array substantially located at the image plane; wherein the catadioptric element comprises a concave surface and a convex surface opposing the concave surface; wherein the convex surface comprises a first reflective surface and a second refractive surface.
 20. The optical imager of claim 19, wherein the first reflective surface of the convex surface has a ring shape surrounding the second refractive surface of the convex surface.
 21. The optical imager of claim 19, wherein the object array comprises a plurality of light emanating elements arranged in an annular region of the object array, said light emanating elements emanating the electromagnetic radiation.
 22. The optical imager of claim 21, wherein said at least one refractive surface of the catadioptric element is aligned with the light emanating elements to receive the electromagnetic radiation.
 23. The optical imager of claim 21, wherein the light emanating elements are arranged to constitute one or more concentric rings.
 24. The optical imager of claim 23, wherein the light emanating elements in one of said one or more concentric rings are located to have a substantially equal distance from an optical axis of the optical imager. 